The Theaceae as circumscribed by Cronquist is comprised of approximately 40 genera and 600 species in four subfamilies. Current classification systems of the Theoideae based on morphological and anatomical data differ significantly in the number of genera recognized, and in the grouping of genera into tribes and subtribes. Our research focuses on the use of molecular data to address questions regarding the circumscription and characterization of the genera and tribes of the Theoideae. DNA sequences of the chloroplast rbcLand matKgenes for representatives of most of the ingroup taxa were used to provide an alternative evaluation of relationships in the subfamily. While most of the genera (sensu lato)sampled appear to be monophyletic, the data indicate a paraphyletic Gordonia. The data provide no support for the recognition of the genus Hartiaas distinct from Stewartia. The close relationship between Camellia, Pyrenaria, and Gordonia(excluding Gordonia lasianthus) is confirmed. Cladistic analyses provide some support for Airy-Shaw’s 1936 classification system. He recognized the paraphyly of Gordonia, placing Gordonia lasianthusin the tribe Gordonieae, subtribe Gordoniinae, and placing the remaining species (as Polysporaand Laplacea)in tribe Camellieae, subtribe Laplaceinae. Our data strongly support the recognition of subtribes Gordoniinae and Stewartiinae as circumscribed by Airy-Shaw, but do not adequately resolve relationships within subtribes Camelliinae and Laplaceinae at this time.

Key words: classification, matK, molecular systematics, rbcL , Theaceae, Theoideae