The standard method of evaluation of students is some form of exam. Exams are usually multiple choice, short answer, true/false, or essay. A determinate amount of time is allotted for the test and grades are derived from the scores. Faculty and students have never liked exams for a variety of reasons. I have been using an alternative to exams in the evaluation of students in systematic botany. I call these evaluations learning summaries(LS). A learning summary is an essay from the student describing their understanding of the material. Following 5-6 lectures, the students are required to submit an essay of no more than 5 pages describing the lecture material as they understand it. Learning summaries are graded based primarily on content. A learning summary is typically worth 40 points(100%) and no more than 33 points(82.5%) can be earned without adding information not presented in lecture. The extra seven points are to convince the instructor that the student understands the material. This may be by way of example, comparison with material derived from other classes, observations in native habitats, or any data not mentioned by the instructor in class. A LS serves two purposes: 1) students are forced to do writing, and 2) students are forced to organize their notes and hopefully learn the material and not just memorize for a test. Implementation of the method, examples, and experiences with learning summaries will be presented.

Key words: systematic botany, teaching