Fraxinus lanuginosa (Oleaceae) is a tree species distributed in Japan and Korea. In Hokkaido, northern Japan, hermaphrodites and males commonly coexist in its populations. Hermaphrodites and males had identical flowering phenologies and pollen morphologies. However, the mean pollen germination rate on an agar culture medium for pollen from hermaphrodites was 2.8-3.4 times lower than that for pollen from males. The average seed set of inflorescences cross-pollinated by pollen from hermaphrodites was similarly 2.7 times lower than that by pollen from males. These results suggest that F. lanuginosa is functionally androdioecious. The estimated outcrossing rate based on 3-4 polymorphic loci ranged from 0.76 to 0.99 in four populations. These findings help to explain the maintenance of androdioecy in F. lanuginosa.

Key words: androdioecy, Fraxinus lanuginosa, mating system, pollen fertility