The effects of inbreeding were investigated in the greenhouse in three populations of Amaranthus cannabinus (L.) Sauer, a dioecious annual. The degree of inbreeding depression varied among populations and among maternal lineages within populations. However, all three populations exhibited some negative effects of inbreeding within just two generations of inbred crosses. Inbreeding depression was observed in the percentage of germination, leaf size, and plant height. The plants which exhibited the most inbreeding depression were from a salt marsh population while the plants which exhibited the least amount of inbreeding depression were from a freshwater marsh. Differences in habitat structure among the populations may partly explain the variation in degree of inbreeding depression observed in the greenhouse. The need to reduce inbreeding may have been involved in the evolution of dioecy in A. cannabinus.

Key words: Amaranthus cannabinus, dioecy, inbreeding depression