HOPKINS, DENNIS J., JR.*, KIRK R. JOHNSON, AND CARLOS A. JARAMILLO. Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO 80205; Department of Paleobotany, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville 32611. - Diversity and evolution of Cenozoic cycads in western North America.
Cycads from the Cenozoic of western North America are not well known.
Only three taxa have been published, two in 1962 and one in an
abstract in 1936. We have evaluated newly discovered fossils cycads
from twelve localities in the Paleocene Denver, Dawson, Hanna, and
Fort Union Formations in Colorado and Wyoming, the middle Eocene
Klondike Mountain Formation in northeastern Washington, the middle
Eocene Clarno Formation from eastern Oregon, and have re-evaluated the
previously described cycads from Wyoming, Colorado, and Oregon. These
specimens allow us to begin to establish patterns of Cenozoic cycad
diversity. Analysis of the specimens included the description of the
leaves, pinnules, and cuticle. Based on pinnule attachment, shape, and
venation, two general groups of cycad leaves are recognized. Pinnules
of the first type are characterized by having widely decurrent
attachment, entire margins, lanceolate shape, and anastomosing
venation. Similar characters are shared by the Jurassic and Cretaceous
genus Ctenis and the Paleocene genus Dioonopsis. No
extant cycad family shares all of the above characters. The second
type of pinnule is characterized by narrow decurrent attachment, lack
of a midrib, entire margins, linear shape, and open parallel veins
that occasionally dichotomize. These characters are shared by extant
genera in the Zamiaceae such as Dioon, Zamia, and
Lepidozamia. Wide variation within these two pinnule types
suggests that they probably each represent more than one species.
Despite extensive sampling of megafloras in the western United States,
cycads are presently unknown in rocks younger than the middle Eocene
(ca. 43 mya). These new Paleogene cycads offer an opportunity to
better understand the evolution and extinction of the Cycadales in the
western United States during the Cenozoic.
Key words: Cycadales, North America, Paleogene