][ STEEL
STRUCTURES ][
][ STEEL
STRUCTURES ][ 
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA - COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
HIGH-RISE CONSTRUCTION
=======================
Factors Controlling Choice of Structural System:
===================================
1. Use:
=====
appartment = 40 psf live load
hotel = 40 psf
office = 50 psf
Offices:
35' - 45' span
no columns within offices
larger spans prefer steel structures
steel structures are deeper
Hotels:
12'-6" - 15' span
place columns in wall between units
smaller span
concrete structure possible
no steel structure required
Apartments:
15' - 24' span
place columns in wall between units
smaller span
concrete structure possible
no steel structure required
Offices:
steel concrete
dead load 60 85 - 90
live load 50 50
partition 20 20
mech. + ceiling 10 10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 140 psf 165-170 psf
Hotels:
steel concrete
dead load 75 100 - 115
live load 50 50
partition 20 20
mech. + ceiling 0 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 125 psf 170-185 psf
2. Heigth:
=======
finished floor to finished ceiling
8'-6" USA typically
9'-0" Texas
10'-6" Washington
Office:
concrete structure 7"
ducts 8 - 12"
lighting 8"
no ceiling 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 2' - 3'
Office:
steel structure 24"
ducts 16"
lighting 8"
no ceiling 0"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 4'-0"
Hotels:
concrete structure 6"
ducts 0"
lighting 0"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 6"
Apartments:
concrete structure 6"
ducts 0"
lighting 0"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
total 6"
3. Building Shape:
=============
Office
95% are rectangular
Core 20' deep
Stair 8'
Mechanical Room 15'
Elevator 10'
Corridor 10'
Elevator 10'
Toilets 15'
Stair 8'
----------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 76' x 20'
Hotels
Holiday Inn 12'-6" wide
Hyatt 15' wide rooms
Apartments
free form
shear wall construction
4. Elevators:
=========
1 elevator for 40,000 sqft/floor area
elevator size
design 10'x10'
actual 8'x10'
Buildings In the World
----------------------------
(ranked by height)
Rank Building City Year Height in Feet/Meters
====================================================================
1 Petronas Tower1 Kuala Lumpur 1996 1476/450
2 Petronas Tower2 Kuala Lumpur 1996 1476/450
3 Sears Tower Chicago 1974 1454/443
4 Jin Mao Building Shanghai UC98 1379/420
5 One World Trade Center New York 1972 1368/417
6 Two World Trade Center New York 1973 1362/415
7 Empire State Building New York 1931 1250/381
8 Central Plaza Hong Kong 1992 1227/374
9 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 1989 1209/369
10 T&C Tower Kaoshiung UC97 1140/347
11 Amoco Chicago 1973 1136/346
12 John Hancock Center Chicago 1969 1127/344
13 Shun Hing Square Shenzen 1996 1066/325
14 Sky Central Plaza Guangzhou 1996 1056/322
15 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok UC97 1050/320
16 Chrysler Building New York 1930 1046/319
17 Nations Bank Plaza Atlanta 1992 1023/312
18 First Interstate World Center Los Angeles 1990 1018/310
19 Texas Commerce Tower Houston 1982 1000/305
20 Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang 1995 984/300
21 Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 1990 978/298
22 First Interstate Bank Plaza Houston 1983 972/296
23 Landmark Tower Yokohama 1993 971/296
24 311 South Wacker Drive Chicago 1990 959/292
25 Jubilee Street/Queens Road C. Hong Kong UC97 958/292
26 First Canadian Place Toronto 1975 952/290
27 American International Building New York 1932 950/290
28 One Liberty Place Philadelphia 1987 945/288
29 Columbia Seafirst Center Seattle 1985 943/287
30 40 Wall Street (Bank of Manhattan)NY 1930 927/283
31 Nations Bank Plaza, Dallas 1985 921/281
32 Overseas Union Bank Centre,Singapore 1986 919/280
33 United Overseas Bank Plaza, Singapore 1992 919/280
34 Republic Plaza, Singapore 1995 919/280
35 Citicorp Center, New York 1977 915/279
36 Scotia Plaza, Toronto 1989 902/275
37 Transco Tower, Houston 1983 901/275
38 Society Center, Cleveland 1991 888/271
39 AT&T Corporate Center, Chicago 1989 885/270
40 900 North Michigan, Chicago 1989 871/265
41 Nations Bank Corporate Center, Charlotte 1992 871/265
42 One Peachtree Center, Atlanta 1992 867/264
43 Canada Trust Tower, Toronto 1990 863/263
44 Water Tower Place, Chicago 1976 859/262
45 First Interstate Tower, Los Angeles 1974 858/262
46 Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco 1972 853/260
47 G.E. Rockefeller Center, New York 1933 850/259
48 One First National Plaza, Chicago 1969 850/259
49 Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt 1997 850/259
50 Two Liberty Place, Philadelphia 1990 848/258
51 Messeturm
Frankfurt
1990
850/259
52 USX Tower
Pittsburgh
1970
841/256
53 Gate Tower
Osaka
1996
833/254
54 World Trade Center
Osalka
1994
827/252
55 One Atlantic Center
Atlanta
1988
820/250
56 BNI City Tower
Jakarta
1995
820/250
57 Korea Life Insurance Company
Seoul
1985
817/249
58 City-Spire
New York
1989
814/248
59 One Chase Manhattan Plaza
New York
1961
813/248
60 200 Park Avenue
New York
1963
808/246
61 Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak
Penang
1985
804/245
62 MayBank Headquarters
Kuala Lumpur
1988
799/244
63 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bldg.
Tokyo
1991
797/243
64 Rialto Towers
Melbourne
1985
794/242
65 Woolworth Building
New York
1913
792/241
66 Mellon Bank Center
Philadelphia
1990
792/241
67 John Hancock Tower
Boston
1976
788/240
68 Bank One Center
Dallas
1987
787/240
69 JR Central Towers
Nagoya
UC99
787/240
70 Commerce Court West
Toronto
1973
784/239
71 Moscow State University
Moscow
1953
784/239
72 Nations Bank Center
Houston
1984
780/238
73 Bank of America Center
San Francisco
1969
779/237
74 One Worldwide Plaza
New York
1989
778/237
75 Canary Wharf Tower
London
1991
777/237
76
IDS Center
Minneapolis
1972
775/236
77
Norwest Center
Minneapolis
1988
774/236
78
First Bank Place
Minneapolis
1992
774/236
79
Singapore Treasury Building
Singapore
1986
771/235
80
Shinjuku Park Tower
Tokyo
1994
764/233
81
Heritage Plaza
Houston
1987
762/232
82
Palace of Culture and Science
Warsaw
1955
758/231
83
Carnegie Hall Tower
New York
1991
757/231
84
Three First National Plaza
Chicago
1981
753/230
85
Equitable Plaza
New York
1985
752/229
86
One Penn Plaza
New York
1972
750/229
87
1251 Avenue of the Americas
New York
1972
750/229
88
Prudential Center
Boston
1964
750/229
89
Two California Plaza
Los Angeles
1992
750/229
90
Gas Company Tower
Los Angeles
1991
749/228
91
MLC Centre
Sydney
1978
748/228
92
Two Pacific Place/Shangri-La Hotel
Hong Kong
1991
748/228
93 1100 Louisiana Building
Houston
1980
748/228
94 Korea World Trade Center
Seoul
1988
748/228
95 Wing Lok Street/Queens Road Central
Hong Kong
UC97
748/228
96 Governor Phillip Tower
Sydney
1993
745/227
97 J.P. Morgan Headquarters
New York
1989
745/227
98 Two Union Square
Seattle
1989
743/226
99 333 South Hope Building
Los Angeles
1975
743/226
100 One Liberty Plaza
New York
1973
743/226
Tall Towers of the World
======================
(ranked by height)
Tower
CN Tower
Ostankino Tower
Tianjin Tower
Tashkent Tower
Fernsehturm
Stratosphere
Tokyo Tower
Sydney Tower
Eifel Tower
Location
Toronto
Moscow
China
Uzbekistan
Berlin
Las Vegas
Japan
Australia
Paris
Height
1815 ft/553 m
1771 ft/540 m
1362 ft/415 m
1230 ft/375 m
1198 ft/365 m
1149 ft/350 m
1092 ft/333 m
1000 ft/305 m
986 ft/301 m
Date Completed
1976
1967
1991
1985
1969
1996
1958
1981
1889
Tower
Barcelona Tower
Donauturm
Seoul Tower
Telecom Tower
BT Tower
Euromast
Space Needle
Montreal Tower
Blackpool Tower
Location
Spain
Vienna
South Korea
Canberra
London
Rotterdam
Seattle
Canada
England
Height
945 ft/288 m
827 ft/252 m
777 ft/237 m
640 ft/195 m
620 ft/189 m
607 ft/185 m
605 ft/184 m
575 ft/175 m
519 ft/158 m
Date Completed
1992
1964
1980
1980
1965
1960
1962
1987
1894
High-Rise Building Construction - INPUT VARIABLES:
=========================================
Units
metric
ft
Length of Building
ft
Width of Building
ft
Number of Floors
#
Clear Floor to Ceiling Height
8'
10'
12'
Floor Height Width Length LL UR
-3 8' 80' 120' D1 A6
-2
-1
1 st floor 10'
2
3
4
5
6 20'
7
8
9
150 storey
Sky Lobby
20 floor........
Sky Lobby height
20'......
Bay Spacing
20'
24'
32'
36'
Elevator
# 1
width
length
floors served
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
floors served
1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
floors served
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Building Material
concrete
site-cast
pre-cast
steel
Columns
material
concrete
spiral reinforced
tied column
steel
composition
shape
round
square
octagone
size
width
length
diameter
w-shape
Beams
material
concrete
steel
composition
shape
square
rectangle
T-beam
size
depth
width
Floors
material
concrete
site-cast
pre-cast
depth
steel deck
depth
gage
composition
steel deck
depth
concrete
light weight
regular weight
depth
total depth
shape
one-way slab
two-way slab
waffle slab
T
size
depth
width
Loads:
snow load
0 psf
20 psf
30 psf
40 psf
60 psf
80 psf
100 psf
120 psf
140 psf
160 psf
wind load
70 mph
80 mph
90 mph
100 mph
110 mph
120 mph
130 mph
140 mph
150 mph
160 mph
170 mph
180 mph
190 mph
200 mph
exposure factor
b
c
location
inland
within 3 miles of coast line
seismic zone
0
1
2
3
4
floor load
P&A 563
40 psf residential/class rooms/hospitals
50 psf assembly/residential garages
60 psf office
75 psf light manufacturing/retail
100 psf garages/moveable seating
120 psf libraries
125 psf heavy manufacturing
150 psf printing press
250 psf heavy storage/sidewalks
dead load
weight of building construction
P&A 557 & 558
0.5 lbs/sqft fiber glass batts
1 lb/sqft 3-ply felt composition roofing
2.5 1/2" drywall
2.6 18 ga steel deck painted
3 suspended lighting and air distribution
4 metal studs 16" o.c.
6.5 5-ply felt and gravel
10 7/8" stucco
12.5/in. concrete deck
40 4" brick veneer
60 8" concrete block
85 12" concrete block
Exterior finish
curtain wall
concrete
stone
aluminum
steel
Lateral Support
x-bracing X
stair location S
portal frames P
elevator location E
shear walls W
toilet core T
chase C
center
corner
x-y
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
A x P W
x W
B W
C WCCC
D E E S W TTT
E W
F W
y
stair location
center
corner
