][ STEEL
STRUCTURES ][
][ STEEL
STRUCTURES ][
Definitions: ========= Iron (Ferrum): chemical element in iron and steel 5% of Earth Crust Wrought Iron: nearly pure iron Steel: Iron + Carbon < 1.2% Cast Iron: Iron cast into molds
HISTORY ======== 2,500 B.C. Iron artifacts found in Egypt 1,292-1,225 B.C. RamesesII iron widely used in Egypt 400 B.C. China Blast Furnace capability 2,786 F / 1,530 C ore, charcoal, fluxes water driven air blowers Greek Romans Bronze cramps to join blocks iron was not used extensively in Western Europe 100 B.C. Toledo - Spain high quality steel Dark Ages steel making methods got lost Renaissance iron chains & rods 1640s First American Iron work Saugus, Massachusetts cast-iron cooking pots wrought-iron nails 17th & 18th Century Architectural wrought iron French & English 1706 Christopher Wren structural use of cast-iron House of Commons Gallery 1730s Blister Steel carbonized wrought iron 1779 Bridge over Severn River Coalbrookdale, England first all-metal structure 1850 Besemer Process by Sir Henry Bessemer air blown into a vessel of molted iron to burn out impurities before steel rare & expensive 1868 Open Heart Method developed in Europe First half 19th Century Industrial Buildings England & USA Iron deposits in the Lake Superior region make USA world leader in steel production 1883 First steel framed skyscraper Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago by William LeBaron Jenney 1883-86 Statue of Liberty Keystone Bridge Company 1889 First iron framing in New York 11 story 50 & Broadway 1889 Eifel Tower built of wrought iron 1892 Unity Building Chicago 1894 Manhattan Life Insurance Building in NY 17 stories 1895 Depression 1912 Woolworth Building NY 58 storey 1931 Empire State Building 102 storey 1953 Curtain Wall-replaces masonry Alcoa Building Pittsburg stamped aluminum cladding panels 1954 Lever House NY SOM 1960 Precast Concrete gains popularity Pan Am Building NY 1968 John Hancock Center Chicago Fazlur Kahn - SOM 1974 Sears Tower Chicago 1,460 ft 1976 US Steel - Pitsburg water cooled tubular steel 1976 Centre Pompidou Paris Sample Steel-Structures ==================== San Diego Convention Center by Arthur Erickson Architects San Diego, Ca Musee du Louvre La Pyramide by I.M. Pei Paris, France Umeda Sky Building by Hiroshi Hara Osaka, Japan Chapel at Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, CO Zueblin Headquarters by Gottfried Boehm Stuttgart
