PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDING SYSTEMS
PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDING SYSTEMS
Chronology ========= 1624 Cape Ann panelized wood house shipped from England temporary housing for fishing fleet 1638 Log Cabin notched building corners technique introduced by Swedish immigrants 1714 Cast Iron railings St. Pauls England 1833 John Manning portable colonial cottage 1849 California Gould Rush new settlements shipped by rail-road portable houses 1851 Crystal Palace Sir Joseph Paxton 1854 Harper Building New York 1855 Iron Church Samuel Hemming Aldershot England 1867-83 Brookly Bridge 1870 Wood and Canvas Frame House South Africa 1870 Ironbuildings Francis Morton Liverpool England shipped to colonies Gold Mining Company Uruguay Churches Mine Manager Homes Share and Claim Exchanges 1871 Grant Central Station N.Y 1878 Galerie des Machines prefabricated industrial buildings 1885-89 Eifel Tower reached unheard of 1000 ft shop fabrication on-site assembly drawings for falsework and scaffolding 1886 Doecker's Portable Barrack and Field Hospital wood construction wing nuts 1903 Boyd House 35 square feet purchased by David Ross Boyd 1904 J. A. Brodie Elton Flats, Liverpole wood framed douplex units single story gable roof rafter framed 1908 Model T Henry Ford 5,000 interchangeable parts half cost less than 50 cents 1908 $850 T-Roadster 1909 $950 1911 $690 1913 $550 1914 $360 1916 $290 1924 $260 1908 Thomas Edison Concrete house 2-3 story poured impossible 1910 Walter Gropius industrialization of housing repetitive production of individual parts.... made by machine to the same standard dimension and with provision for interchangeability of parts 1914 Dom-ino House Le Corbusier standardized frame work 1917 Precast Hollow-Core Panels Roger Corbett - New York Builder 1919 BauhausWeimar founded Walter Gropius 1921 Serial Houses Walter Gropius 1922 Schindler-Chase House "Machine-made House" 1922 Duo-Slab House Sir Edwin Airey, Liverpool 1923 Gropius & Meyer "Building Blocks" standardized housing Typisierung des Wohnbau Baukasten system wirtschaftlichkeit & varibilitaet 1 & 2 story flat roof 1924 Modular box system foe furniture Marcel Breuer 1925 Asbestos-cement permanent shuttering 1926 Plasterboard speculative housed 1925 Bauhaus to Dessau 1925 Weir Steel House Berlin wood framing with 1/8" steel plate on outside 2 story hip roof 1925 Telford Steel House Braithwaite & Co. concrete floor wood framing steel gladding rounded corner elements 1926 Walter Gropius Toerten-Dessau housing estate and construction system 1 & 2 story flat roof 1926 Bron System Berlin panelized housing 1926 Muche & Paulick Steel House Dessau 1 story flat roof 1.50 meter module 1926 Carl Kaestner Co. Steel House Leipzig Metal gladding (curtain wall design supported by I-beams) gable roof exterior wall panels with joint emphasized metal gladding air 4 cm trofoleum 2 cm schlackestein 5 cm innenputz(stucco) 1926 Woehr Brothers Steel House Unterkochen structural I beams 60 mm steel cladding 1 mm airspace 20 mm torfoleum for insulation 20 mm airspace 20 mm wood siding on the in-side for lateral support 24 mm ensoplatte (insulation board) tapete (wall paper) optional sheetrock 40 mm instead of wood 1926 Braune and Roth Steel House Bimsdielen C-chanels hot rolled metal galadding hip roof standing seam roof 2 story plus basement hip roof standing seam roof 2 story plus basement 1927 Stahlhaus G.m.b.H Heirich Blecken Duisburg 1927 Boehler System Wien Wien Exhibition lightweight system U-chanels Heraklithplatten interior & exterior horizontal roof structure wood 1927 Bamboo Houses type 1. Marcel Breuer 1927 Leinhaus Walter Gropius 1927 Weissenhofsiedlung Walter Gropius Stuttgart 2 story panelized "Systematische Vorarbeit fuer rationellen Wohnungsbau" "Der Architekt als Organisator der modernedn Bauwirtschaft..." 1927 Hans Scharoun House using Christoph and Unmack panel system 1927 Stockade Building System J.M. Hewlett & R.B. Fuller patented 1927 10-deck house design R.B. Fuller 1927 4-D house = Dymaxion R. B. Fuller 1927 Robert Tappan steel framed house 1929-32 Economic Depression 1929 Vogel & Noot Austria Josef Hoffman steel house 1929 Albert Einstein House Potsdam by Konrad Wachsman Christoph and Unmack system 1930 Standard Classroom Christoph and Unmack system 1930 "Universal Requirements of Human Dwellings" by Fuller based upon general systems theory 1930 First prototype Dymaxion American Radiator Company's Pierce Foundation 1930 F.H.A market homes in mass volume buy homes on terms buyers could afford 1931 Hirsch Copper House Walter Gropius architectural consultant 1931 Aluminaire House Kocher & Frey 1932 Weekend House Kocher & Frey 1932 Boehler Stahlbau block-infill system the U was replaced by a smali I-beam INP8 15 mm Aussenputz Exterior Stucco 700 mm Schwemmsteine Metalfolie Metalfoil 50 mm Bimsdiele 75 mm Innenputz Interior Stucco Johannes Niemeyer "fixed-price" house using Boehler system 2 story flat roof stucco exterior 1933 Hitler comes to power 1933 Albert Bemis Boston research on factory-fabricated housing systems 1933 General Houses Incorporated interchangeable wall unit flar roof built in Winnetka, Illinois $4,500 2 bedroom $5,450 2 bedroom $6,900 3 bedroom $8,550 3 bedroom 2 story + garage 1933 -38 Deutsche Kupferhaus formerly Hirsch, Boehler, Christoph and Unmack export to Palestine 1935 Forest Products Laboratory stressed-skin plywood panel experimental house 1 story + garage box 1936 4 inch cubical module = M Albert Farwell Bemis 1936 Dymaxion House Fuller 12 metal prototypes manufactured by Phelps-Dodge designed by Fuller to be plastic 1937 The Wagner (U.S. Housing Act) 1937 Walter Gropius Professor at Harvard 1939 Swedish Timber Houses Scottland 1940 USA Prefabricated Homes about 30 firms 10,000 units produced 1935-40 1940 Mobile Homes 8 ft wide 2 axel trailer can be pulled by car Schult Trailors 1940 Uni-Seco school building - England 1941 Dymaxion Deployment Unit by R. Fuller for Butler Manufacturing Co. 1941 USA enters War 1941 Glenn L. Martin. Corporation Pierce Foundation with SOM 1 story gable 1941 Igloo House Martin Wagner igloo-like design steel prefabricaation protection against most everything including air raids in-door or out-door sleeping 1942 General Panel Corporation House Walter Gropius & Konrad Wachsmann & S. Giedion General Electric fully mechanized plant many variable designs dropped after short time American market not ready for unit panels unit houses 1942 Trailer House Tennessee Valley Association TVA truckable houses 2 sections 1942 NHA all federal housing functions consolidated in NHA 1943 General Panel New York sectional barracks Harvard Graduate School of Design Designs using General Panels Components 1947 Aluminium Bungalows prefabricated temporary housing in England 55,000 1945 Dymaxion Dwelling Machine = Wichita House Beechcraft aeroplane company 2 prototypes ordered by airforce $10 million for tooling required to sell 20,000 per year 1945 ARCON House Rodney Thomas & Raglan Squire 1945 Mobilar Hangar System Konrad Wachsman bar-joist roof moveable partitions wood with metal hardware patent application 1946 Veterans Emergency Housing Program $ 448 million veterans hospital program $1 1946 = $10 1996 80 hospitals in 39 states over 2 years construction material shortage equipment shortage 1947 General Panel factory Burbank, CA 1950's Plastic Materials Chemical Industry Monsanto House - USA Trigon House - Switzerland poor load-bearing properties inadequate fire-resistance insufficiently water-resistant 1950 Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings Butler Steel Products 1950 Trailer Homes longer "tailers" Schulte Trailors 1950 Troproof by ARCON 1950 Three-pin frame by ARCON 1950 ARCON Roof 1950 Sawtooth Roof by ARCON 1951 Alcoa Building large scale use of prefabricated aluminum cladding 1954 CAMUS Building System great success 1954 CLASP schools Consortium of Local Authorities' Special Program organization founded system of bulk ordering Great Britain 1955 Monitor Roof by ARCON 1957 Presweld or Hills Dry Building System Hills, Ltd. 1960's Aluminum Aluminum Industry Aluminum Corporation of America ALCOA Schweizerische Aluminium AG - Zuerich everything out of same material aluminum instead of most suitable material 1962 Allside Homes Ohio - steel industry supported effort metal houses for pampered clients bankruptcy 1963 Hoesch Stahlwerke heavy metal systems Duesseldorf Germany 1965 Mark 2 system by SCOLA Second Consortium of Local Authorities 1965 Konrad Wachsman Professor USC graduate program in industrialization 1968 HUD Housing Act 1968 In-Cities Experimental Housing Project ECODESIGN research group 26 million dwelling units 1968-1978 Prof. A.G.H. Dietz Building Systems Development Inc. & Kaiser Engineering Westinghouse Electric Corporation 1970 Operation BREAKTHROUGH Secretary Romney a former leader in the automobile industry 40 dwelling units The Great Failures of Industrialized Building: Outcome: financial losses ruined professional careers resentment among research engineers and management Reasons: inadequate or misleading market analyses excessive profit expectations manufacturing everything out of the same material, instead of using the most suitable material in the place where it "belonged" inadequately trained designers resistance from architects resistance from builders no push from the builder no pull from the buyer visionaries who are purely subjective try to transform the world Examples of Systems: x 99 Graf/Mening Schulbausystem des Erziehungsministeriums von Mexico Schulbausystem des Erziehungsministeriums von Marocco Sistema IPI Standard FEAL-Varlonga System Pasotti P.63 + P.64 Bortolaso Aluminium Francais Saint-Gobain Fillod SEAC Mark 2 NENK Terrapin Mark 45 Derwent, Type 6 CLASP / Brookhouse Unistrut Spaceframe V-Look Modular Component System SCSD USM - Stahlbausystem "Haller" Fassadensystem C.I.M.T./Prouve Rationelt Skolebyggeri Marburger Bausystem Rostan/Dickerhoff und Widmann/Hochtief AG Catalog Schulbausystem MITEP Laingspan II Bison Projektton-Frame ELCON Resisform NAHB Research House Zenker Buechel OKAL Haus SIPOREX Vic Hallaman, MK 3 Housing Jespersen System Wates System Balancy Holzmann - Skarne Allbeton Procede BARETS Costamagna Coignet Camus Tracoba IGECO REEMA Element AG Elementbau Ernst Goehner AG Peikert MITEP Central Planning Bureau of the Moscow District Soviet Union concrete housing heavy skeletal frame system 0.60 m 3.00, 4.50, 6.00m Techcrete 5 M Formula T & N Porte-des Lilas "Self Sift" GEAI Estiot Skarne - System Planunggruppe Universitaet Bochum S.F.1 Indulex Flexbau S.E.C.T.R.A M. Quentin of Chambery France
