A general discussion of 4D or time-lapse seismics and a review of the current industry status will be presented. The concerns and potential of properly calibrated 4D studies will be discussed. Treatment of fluid PVT and rock physics concepts behind 4D modeling including fluid substitution modeling under the appropriate saturation conditions will be presented. Appropriate calibration studies and techniques will be discussed. Seismic attributes associated with 4D changes will be interpreted in the context of rock physics. These will be illustrated with case studies. Analysis of the pressure dependence of rock frame compressibility will also be treated. You will learn the important rock and fluid properties which dominate and control a time-lapse response and how to model various scenarios.

Topics to be covered:
 

1) Review of requirements for optimal 4D responses
2) Review of pertinent rock physics concepts
3) Review of fluid PVT behavior
4) Review of fluid substitution techniques
5) Modeling the outcomes of production to deduce the fluid changes
6) Time dependent seismic expressions (Reflectivity, AVO, Attenuation, etc.)
7) Analysis of  case studies