Descriptions of the sites are linked by this graphic () to previously appearing daily descriptions. If that link failed in my monthly checking of the links, the following symbol will be shown instead (). Particularly authoritative sites are marked with an exclamation point ( - I am still in the process of adding these). All links were last checked on 9 June 1999 (Total links checked: 3015) by CyberSpyder Link Check. This month's entries are resting in a temporary file until the end of the month.

General

Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC) - organization of individuals interested in the development and preservation of natural history collections, including herbarium collections for plants

Index Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium - Valid names above the generic level

Virtual Field Herbarium - promotes constructing field guides to document current diversity and support sustainable development

Fairchild Tropical Garden Virtual Herbarium - already contains 50,000 specimens online, including nearly 3,200 palms

What Tree Is That? (Arbor Day Fnd) - interactive online dichotomous key for Eastern, Central and Western US tree identification

Seed Identification (UKy) - images and information on seeds of some common grasses, legumes, weed and vegetable species

Herbaria and Herbarium Specimens (U. Toronto) - what herbaria do, how they are being modernized, and other questions

Scientific Names: How to Say Them - pronunciation guide for scientific Latin

PhyloCode - developing rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature along with a terminological glossary

UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research - University of British Columbia information, news feeds,

Classification of Life on Earth at Iziko Museums - Iziko Museums of Cape Town's site on kingdoms of animals, fungi and plants

Deep Time Project - project is to integrate angiosperm phylogenies of living and extinct plants

Deep Green - Green Plant Phylogeny Research Coordination Group - databases, matrices, news, discussions and the Tree of Life discribing green plant phylogeny

Index to Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN) - sporophytic, gametophytic and base chromosome counts

BioCASE - Biological Collection Access Service for Europe - unified database for European collections

University of Iowa Herbarium - the hows and whys of plant collecting, herbarium specimen prepartion, plant handling and data storage

Canadian Biodiversity - representatives are mapped, often shown, from members of plants and other kingdoms as well

Ozarks Regional Herbarium - images of flowering plants, ferns & fern allies, atlas, herbarium news

Missouri Botanical Garden Field Techniques Manual - information about specimen collection, drying & preserving plants, herbarium records, also in Spanish & French

Botanical Word Meanings and Name Derivations - word meanings and name derivations of species epithets and famous California collectors

Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature - information about the conventions of plant names and naming plants

Deep Green Hyperbolic Trees - interactive phylogenetic tree of green life

Specimen MAnagement System for California Herbaria (SMASCH) Project - model herbarium database for California plants

A List of World Herbaria - international listing of herbarium web sites

Charlie's Mid-Atlantic Plant Identification Guide - plant IDs, quizzes, taxomony links

Proposals to Conserve and/or Reject Plant Names - database of challenged scientific names

US Botanical Type Specimen Register - United States National Herbarium (US) collection information

Glossary of Roots of Botanical Names - dictionary of botanical word roots

Threatened Plants of the World - rare, endangered, vulnerable, and extinct plants

Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project - Catalogue of type designations of Linnaean names.

The Linnean Herbarium at the Swedish Museum of Natural History - herbarium sheets of many type specimens from Linnaeus

Multisite Living Collections Searches - search for living plants

Index Herbariorum - search for herbaria and contact persons

Laboratory of Plant Systematics - site with carefully selected systematics web links

Willi Hennig Society - cladistics software, Cladistics and a literature database

Racist Relics: An Ugly Blight On Our Botanical Nomenclature - magazine article

WHACHAMACALIT! The Common Name - dictionary of common names

The Torrey Botanical Society Online - Website of the Torrey Botanical Society, New York.

Phylogenetic Visualization - demo site on how to display cladistic data

New York Botanical Garden Vascular Plant Type Catalog - type specimen database of NYBG

Phylogeny and Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees - programs for illustrating cladistics trees

Peter Bostock's Botanical Latin Home Page - Latin translation program

Stokes Tropicals - online plant catalog with plant images and information

World Species List - Animals Plants Microbes - checklists and diversity sites worldwide

Fun Science Gallery: Herbarium - plant collecting tutorial

Omnicyber Plant Family Key - online taxonomic dichotomous key

The Jade Glue Theory - A manual for the art of plant mounting.

The Charles B. Graves Herbarium at Connecticut College - Database of the Charles B. Graves Herbarium at Connecticut College

Botanic Descriptions of Leaf Shapes Quiz - tests leaf apical, basal, overall shape and margins

Species 2000 - Indexing the world's known species - all known species of organisms including plant fossils will eventually be included

Plant Names Project - implementation of a project for the 2000s

Families: Classification of Plants & Animals -beginning level on taxonomic units

National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) - metasite of myriad of databases, including alien invader species

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) - database of scientifically valid names ot taxa

Angiosperm

Bromeliad Society International - share a vast image collection, seeds, register cultivars, share research and gardening tips, publish, share information

Grass Genera of Texas - checklist and illustrated dichotomous key to the Poaceae (or Grass Family, =Gramineae)

Stapeliads: Orchids of the Succulent World - carrion pollinated flies with beautiful flowers

Interactive Key to the Flowering Plant Families of Jamaica - a Java-based interactive key to families

Great Petaluma Desert: Home of the Fat Plants - view South African natives and other pachyform plants

Native Orchids of the United States - species lists for each of the 50 states, Canada, Mexico and Greenland

Know Your Grasses (Texas-based) - Texas grassland vegetation

Malvaceae.Info - information and images on Malvaceae (mallow family) and other plants

Jardin d'Oiseaux Tropicaux - French national collections of yuccas and cactuses

Families of Vascular Plants, BOT307 (U. Toronto) - a good introduction to vascular plant families with descriptions and images

Bamboo - images for many major bamboo genera, with notes, slide shows, cooking instructions/recipes

Mammillaria: All About Mammillaria Cactus - images, descriptions, growing tips, maps and forums

Orchid Overview - a nice summary of noteworthy orchids from around the world

Gasteria Reference Collection - essays, field accounts, photos, notes

Cactaceae.Net - image database about cactuses and other succulents

NOVA: Orchid Hunter - orchid images, adaptations and famous amateur scientists from history

International Palm Society - information, images, links and selected articles on palms

Agave Image Site - massive Agave image site arranged by topic and species

Agaveweb - all about Agave, from identification to gardening

International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain - everything you wanted to know about bananas, their propagation, germplasm and eventually genome

Malvaceae Pages - resource page for images, generic descriptions, classification

Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia - photos collected from collector/growers around the world

Malvaceae Pages - resource page for images, generic descriptions, classification

Festuca of North America - fescue grass site, includes nomenclature, descriptions, images

Cucurbitaceae and the Cucurbit Network - everything you wanted to know about pickles, cucumbers, pumpkins, squashes, goards, zuccini pages

Angiosperm DNA C-Values Database - quantitative DNA amounts in picograms and megabasepairs (mbp)

Some Malvaceae in Brazil - images of Hibiscus, Abutilon, Pavonia, others

PACSOA - Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia - digital images, nomenclature, common names and culture conditions for hundreds of plants

Native Orchids of Canada - illustrated database on Canadian orchids

Grass Images from Texas A & M Bioinformatics Working Group - classical drawings of 389 Poaceae, including spikelet details

John C. Semple- WAT Herbarium - Aster research by J.C.Semple.

Bromeliário Cairé - bromeliad site with pictures of Brazilian plants

Virtual Palm Encyclopedia - dichotomous keys, biology, evolution and links

Floraguide - links, forum, searcher site, photographs

Spectacular Diversity of New Zealand Plants - introductory biodiversity site

International Bulb Society - information and pictures of world plants with bulbs

Wildflowers - forums, calendar, dealers, FAQ and glossary

Echinocereus Online - Online magazine for the genus Echinocereus.

Biology 211: Flowering Plant Taxonomy - Photographically illustrated introduction to flowering plant taxonomy

Cacti and other Succulents that are Hardy in Denmark - Germination and cultivation of Yucca and hardy cacti

Anthurium Primer - definitive Anthurium site, Araceae

The Geraniaceae Group - newsletter, links, bookstore and extensive photo gallery

Cacti and Computer - nomenclature of cacti, with cactus and succulent links

Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database - guide to common names and species synonyms

Spanish Moss- Its Nature, History, and Uses - Information central for Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides

Gesneriad Reference Web - images, info and links

Systematics of the Cyclanthaceae Systematics of Cyclanthaceae including revision of the genus Sphaeradenia.

Taxonomy of Landscape Plants - nomenclature & identification site with database of ornamental plants; useful taxonomic links

The Charms of Duckweed - everything you wanted to know about duckweed, including classroom exercises for K-12 or college

Brasilian Orchids - photographs, breeding, floral anatomy

Asclepiad Page - The Carrion Flowers - photos and links

The NCCPG National Collection of Phlomis -The National collection of Phlomis in Gloucestershire, England.

Trees and Shrubs of Iowa State University - encyclopedic guide to midwest trees

Piperaceae Home Page - Introduction to and chemistry of Piperaceae

Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research and Australian National Herbarium - information about Australian endemics, includes growing them

Atlas of the Flora of New England - an online flora

The Cyclamen Society {LF}

International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI) - databases, host to GlobalPlant Checklist Project and Database of Plant Databases

Tropical Fruit News Magazine Online - online periodical with articles

Linda's Orchid Page - orchid flowers, photos, species & common name database, links

BOTN301 - Taxonomy of Flowering Plants - class notes, virtual tours, useful lab exercises and notes at Texas A & M

Vegetative Characteristics Used in Taxonomy Keys - exercises and glossary of morphology terms for angiosperms

World Wide Flowering Plant Family Identification Key - a checklist of 174 morphological characteristics and 6 geographical regions

Reproductive Characteristics Used in Taxonomy Keys - exercises and glossary of morphology terms for angiosperms

Missouri Botanical Garden - Research, education, images, virtual tours, floras, databases

Vascular Plant Families Photographic site (University of Hawaii) - over 225 families represented

Genus of the Week - Features information about a new plant each week

Flowering Plant Families - required families for beginning botany students with characters and illustrations

Seagrass - taxonomy, distribution, references and large collection of images

Scientific information on Chile Peppers - Photos, capsaicinoid chemistry and uses of hot peppers (genus Capsicum)

PBIO 250 Lecture Notes - Plant Taxonomy - Summary of classification schemes, selected plant families, nice external links

Flowerbase Image Database - About 7,000 color photos (multilingual Dutch site) good for translations of common names (!)

Dendrology Page (FNR 225) - Identify twigs and shrubs, dictionary

TreeBASE - Database of Phylogenetic Knowledge - Access published phylogenetic trees from the literature

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - Gardens and European searchable database

Flora of North America - Site of ambitious project to catalog all plants of America

University and Jepson Herbaria of UC-Berkeley - Model herbarium and database site

Index Nominum Genericorum - Valid genera and synonyms

Society for Growing Australian Plants - Indigenous plants

American Bamboo Society - About bamboos

Stein's Virtual Herbarium - on the Web

Biota of North America Program (BONAP) - Checklist to the North American vascular plant flora

Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium - Valid names above the generic level

Journey into the World of Cladistics - A routine technique in modern systematics

Monocots versus Dicots

W³TROPICOS Database

Aquatic Plants

Orchids of Wisconsin - An Interactive Flora - Online key

Basic Botany images

Flora of Europe - Photos, family and genus descriptions

Australian National Botanic Gardens Biodiversity Server

The Families of Flowering Plants - Authoritative WWW angiosperm systematics site

PLANTS Database of the NRCS - plant names, symbols, distributions and attributes

Angiosperm Systematics - Authoritative WWW angiosperm systematics site

FUCHSIA - The Swedish Fuchsia Society

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

Gymnosperms:

The Wollemi Pine — a very rare discovery - all you ever wanted to know about Wollemi nobilis, Araucariaceae

NOVA Online: Methuselah Tree - life cycle and ecology of the oldest plant, a gymnosperm - bristlecone pine

PACSOA - Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia - digital images, nomenclature, common names and culture conditions for hundreds of plants

BOTNET: North Carolina Botanical Information Network - model herbarium site for online data storage, currently gymnosperms

Gymnosperm Database - Descriptions of 1,000 taxa.

Virtual Cycad Encyclopedia - dichotomous keys, biology, evolution and links to these primitive gymnosperms

Gymnosperm Database - taxonomy, ethnobotany, images, age and large specimens for numerous species

Catalog of North American Gymnosperms - conifer and taxad herbarium data

Gymnosperms of Australia and New Zealand - cycads, conifers, taxads with maps, drawings, photos

Flora of North America - Site of ambitious project to catalog all plants of America

Ancient Bristlecone Pine

Trees of the Pacific Northwest

Pteridology (study of ferns & fern allies):

Giant Horsetails - all about the giant Equisetums

San Diego Fern Society - information about growing ferns, their biology, life cycle and ask questions at Fern Central

Pteridophyte DNA C-Values Database - quantitative DNA amounts in picograms and megabasepairs (mbp) in ferns & fern allies (horsetails, club moss, spike moss, etc)

Leptosporangiate Ferns - life cycle and phylogeny of Filicalean ferns

Ferns from the Vercors (France) - text and images of ferns and fern allies

Flora of North America - Site of ambitious project to catalog all plants of America

The C-Fern - A Plant for Teaching and Research - Use of Ceratopteris as a model system

American Fern Society (AFS) - Fern information, spore exchange and links

Bryology (study of mosses & liverworts):

Bryophyte Flora of North America - this web site coordinates and facilitates preparation of chapters for volumes 27, 28 and 29 of the Flora of North America (FNA)

Moss Life Cycle - sexual reproductive cycle of pines, Phylum Bryophyta

Res Botanica - botanical Latin, Bryophyte Flora of North America, bryological information, chestnuts, selected essays, floristics, history, and miscellaneous topics

Secret Life of Mosses, Ferns, Flowers, Pines - instructional computer animations on plant life cycles

Phylum Bryophyta - Mosses - descriptions and illustrations of some common & less common mosses

Phylum Anthocerophyta - Hornworts - descriptions and illustrations of some common & less common hornworts

Spore Dispersal in Bryophytes - spore dissemination of mosses & liverworts, includes images and mechanisms

Mosses and Liverworts in Wales - introduction to types of mosses & liverworts, their habitat and species descriptions

Hidden Forest: Bryophytes - descriptions and images of mosses, liverworts and hornworts, including family lists

Cryptogamic Collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History - scanned specimens of lichens and database of mushroom, algae and bryophyte collections

Catalog of North American Bryophytes - mosses, liverworts and hornworts

Cryptogams in Depth - images of fungi, bryophytes, lichens and slime molds

World of Science: Mitosis - overview of nuclear and cell division

The Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association - A peat moss resource site by the Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association

American Bryological and Lichenological Society (ABLS) - Moss and lichen info and links

Why Does Moss Only Grow on One Side of a Tree? - A child's Web site

Lichen determination keys available on INTERNET - links to dichotomous keys for identification of lichens

Lichenology (study of lichens):

An Introduction to Lichens - beginning botany course level concise examination of lichens and their alga-fungus symbiosis

Lichens, Tardigrades, and SO₂ - Lichens as indicators of pollution, especially sulfur dioxide

Lichen Information System - links to sites on lichen biology, collections, congresses and societies

Hidden Forest: Lichens - images and descriptions of many lichen taxa

Cryptogamic Collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History - scanned specimens of lichens and database of mushroom, algae and bryophyte collections

North American Lichen Project - ethnobotanical interfaces and basic biology are covered here

Fun with Lichens - Database, images and species synoptic key

Phycology (study of algae):

UTEX Culture Collection of Algae - collection of over 3200 mostly freshwater alga with about 150 extremophilic algae

Australian Freshwater Algae (BGT) - educational information on what an algae is and does, how algae are collected and cultured

E-Flora BC: An Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia - diversity of plants in the Canadian province of British Columbia

Pfiesteria and Harmful Algal Blooms in the Mid-Atlantic - Pfiesteria is a serious algae bloom species in the Atlantic Ocean in estuaries in North Carolina and Delaware and in the Chesapeake Bay

South Florida Periphyton Research - databases on diatoms and other algae, research project information on the Everglades, paleoecology, mangrove algae and nutrient effects

Cyanophyta - Cyanobacteria - formerly known as bluegreen algae. Site provides great detail on pigments, nitrogen fixation, diversity, common genera and their ecological role

Chlorophyta - Green Algae - pigments, morphology, anatomy, life cycles and ecology

Phaeophyta - Brown Algae about brown algae: their morphology, anatomy, life cycles and ecology

Rhodophyta - The Red Algae - about red algae, their life cycles and ecology

NOVA: Deep Sea Invasion - a marine alga presents a classic example of the danger of invasive species

BL Web: Growing Dinoflagellates at Home - full instructions, proposed experiments, images and movies are provided

Hawaiian Reef Algae - classroom site for marine algology

Freakin Fucus -- Guide To Seaweeds and Phycology - algae of England, including structure, glossary, information on some genera

AlgaeBase - scientific names and distribution of algae, cyanobacteria, seaweeds, seagrasses

DINOFLAJ - Dinoflagellate Classification Database - suprageneric classification, index to fossil and extant genera

Protist Image Data - cell structure, life history, classification and nomenclature of algae and other protists

Kelp Forest and Rocky Subtitle Habitats - ecological reports on flora & fauna of kelp beds

Littoral Zone: Fucus Fertilization - fertilization in a marine brown algae, Fucus serratus, serrated wrack

Kelp Forests - taxonomy, ecology and succession of kelp beds

Cryptogamic Collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History - scanned specimens of lichens and database of mushroom, algae and bryophyte collections

Biology of Green Euglenoids - taxonomic keys, images and morphology of Korean Euglena, Lepocinclis and Trachelomonas

The Chlamydomonas Teaching Center - Resource guide to the culture and use of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for teaching and research.

Great Lakes Diatoms - introduction to freshwater diatoms with numerous photomicrographs

Photomicrographs of Phytoplankton at the Clemson University Aquaculture Facility - Photomicrographs of some of the major phytoplankton.

Aquaculture Facility Algae Guide - photomicrographs of freshwater algae

Smallest Page on the Web - desmid and diatom microscopy site

Paleopalynology, Fossil Pollen, Spore, Algae Home Page - intro site to the study of palynology w/dinoflagellate page

Pfiesteria piscicida Page - environmental danger from a toxic dinoflagellate

Harmful Algae Page

Algae Home Page, Smithsonian Institution - collections, classification & economic uses

Home of the Fossil Coralline Algae (Corallinaceae: Rhodophyta) - anatomy, distribution of red coralline algae

Why Owens Lake is Red! - Halophilic organisms in salt lakes and playas.

Marine Botany - Algal and benthic marine habitats of Monterey Bay

Cyanosite - bluegreen algae reference and experimental protocol site

Geniculate Coralline Red Algae

The Diatom Collection of the California Academy of Sciences

Michael R. Martin's Phytoplankton Images Library - Best site for freshwater algae micrographs

Basic Botany images - A few algal pictures

Protist Image Database

Protist Database List

Seaweed

Mycology (study of fungi):

Mycolog: Fungi -The Fifth Kingdom - online companion to a mycological encyclopedia

MushroomExpert.Com - many details on collecting mushrooms, identifying poisonous ones

Fungi of California - numerous species, photos and links

World of Dermatophytes: A Pictorial - the fungus among us

Mycology Society of America Slide Collection - habit and microscopic images of a diversity of fungus-related images, including ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and many more

Systematic botany and Mycology: Fungal Databases - free USDA databases on fungi, nomenclature, distribution and literature

MycoKey - site on fungi of Denmark with systematics, online taxonomic key and database

Forest Fungi of New Zealand - encyclopedic Hidden Forest site on fungus biology, ecology

Truffle.Org - dichotomous keys to truffles and ectomycorrhizae

Forest Slime Molds of New Zealand - descriptions, life cycle, and images of cellular and plasmodial slime molds

Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands - Documentation of mushroom species in the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Cryptogamic Collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History - scanned specimens of lichens and database of mushroom, algae and bryophyte collections

Mycology Labs at the University of Tennessee - botanical nomenclature tutorial, glosssary of -onyms, Pleurotus systematics, molecular techniques protocols for field work of fungi, and links

The Mushroom Genus Laccaria in North America - fungi, taxomonic key, phylogeny

Mycorrhiza Information Exchange - plant-fungus symbiosis site with lots of features

North American Mycological Association - Organization dedicated to the study and enjoyment of mushrooms.

Mycorrhiza Information Exchange Web Site - bibliography of fungi, hosts & symbiosis

MyxoWeb - slime molds, myxomycetes

INRA Scientific Database Servers - links, databases, DNA, mychorrhizae, insects

Fungi Photos - Hobbist's JPEGs of Welsh fungi

Introduction to the Fungi - Introductory WWW site on fungi

WWW Mycology Resources - Authoritative fungus server

Microbiology (study of prokaryotes)

The Microbial Underground - Medical, Microbiological and Molecular Biological material on the internet.

Bacteriology 303 Main Page - Course materials and study aids for bacteriology

Virology (study of viruses)

Descriptions of Plant Viruses (DPV) - characteristics and biology of over 390 plant viruses (some with fully sequenced genomes)

Plant Viruses - ICTV index to virus classification and nomenclature

The Bacteriophage Ecology Group - Phage ecology and evolutionary biology for viruses of bacteria

Plant Virus Site - Images of many major plant viruses in the TEM

WWW Virology Servers - Authoritative virus server

Paleontology, Paleobiology, Paleobotany, Evolution

Virtual Paleobotany Laboratory - geological history of plants and tools to understand paleobotany

The Rhynie Chert and Its Flora - Descriptions of early land plants preserved in the Rhynie Cherts

Paleopalynology, Fossil Pollen, Spore, Algae Home Page - intro site to the study of palynology w/dinoflagellate page

Links for Palaeobotanists - paleobotany links to everything!

Palaeobotanical Research Group - History of Palaeozoic Forests site

Mazon Creek Plant Fossils

Plant Fossils of West Virginia - Carboniferous lycopod, sphenophyte and fern images

Bot 403-Plant Evolution - Example of an course site with a slightly expanded syllabus

International Organisation of Palaeobotany

Introduction to the Spermatophytes - Progymnosperms, cycads and anthophytes

UCMP Web Time Machine - Paleontological WWW site. Time scale, some plants.

American Fern Society (AFS) - Fern paleobotanical information and links

Trees of Life, Plant Kingdom:

BL14A BIODIVERSITY I: The Plant Kingdom - Introduction to plant biodiversity with an evolutionary perspective.

Albion College Vascular Plant Image Gallery - photographs, subdivision and family descriptions

The Tree of Life Home Page - Survey of diversity

A Survey of the Plant Kingdoms - Pictorial survey of diversity

This service is organized by Scott Russell through the Department of Botany and Microbiology of the University of Oklahoma. If you have any comments for the improvement this page or nominations for links, please contact me by email (srussell@ou.edu).