References 

Adler, R. B., & Rodman, G.  (1991).  Understanding human communication.  New York:  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. 

Andersen, K., & Clevenger, T., Jr.  (1963).  A summary of experimental research in ethos.  Speech Monographs, 30 (2), 59-78. 

Benoit, W.  (1997).  Image repair discourse and crisis communication.  Public Relations Review, 23 (2), 177-187. 

Blackwell, B.  (1990).  The first 24 hours.  Cambridge, MA:  Basil Blackwell, Ltd. 

Brummer, J. J.  (1991).  Theories of institutional legitimacy.  Corporate responsibility and legitimacy (pp. 73-97).  New York:  Greenwood Press. 

Burgoon, J. K., Birk, T., & Pfau, M.  (1990).  Nonverbal behaviors, persuasion, and credibility.  Human Communication Research, 17, 140-169. 

Caywood, C. L.  (Ed.).  (1997).  The handbook of strategic public relations & integrated communications.  New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Cooper, L.  (1932).  The Rhetoric of Aristotle Book 1.  The rhetoric of Aristotle  (pp. 8-9).  New York:  D. Appleton-Century Company. 

Culbertson, H. M., & Chin, N.  (1997).  Communitarianism:  A foundation for communication symmetry.  Public Relations Quarterly, 42 (2), 36-42. 

Dougherty, D.  (1992).  Crisis communications:  What every executive needs to know.  New York:  Walker and Company. 

Field Manual 46-1.  (1997).  Public affairs operations. Washington, DC:  Department of the Army. 

Frank, A. D. (1996, November 7).  Texaco has PR nightmare CNNfn [On-line].  Available: cnnfn.com/hotstories/companies/9611/07/texacopr_pkg/index.htm 

Gray, J. G., Jr.  (1986).  The emerging corporation.  Managing the corporate image:  The key to public trust (pp. 15-21).  Westport, CT:  Quorum Books. 

Greenberg, B. S., & Miller, G. R.  (1966).  The effects of low-credible sources on message acceptance.  Speech Monographs, 33 (2), 127-136. 

Haly, E.  (1996).  Exploring the construct of organization as source:  Consumers’ understandings of organizational sponsorship of advocacy advertising.  Journal of Advertising, 25 (2), 19-36. 

Heyman, R.  (1994).  Why didn’t you say that in the first place?  San Francisco:  Jossey-Bass. 

Higgins, R. B. (1996).  Strategic credibility.  The search for corporate strategic credibility (pp. 15-33).  Westport, CT:  Quorum Books. 

Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F.  (1997).  Introduction to studying communication.  Building communication theory (3rd ed., pp. 3-35).  Prospect Heights, IL:  Waveland Press. 

Joint Pub 3-61.  (1997).  Doctrine for Public Affairs in Joint Operations. Washington, DC:  Joint Chiefs of Staff. 

Kiesler, C. A., Collins, B. E., & Miller, N.  (1969).  Attitude change:  A critical analysis of theoretical approaches.  New York:  John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Ledingham, J. A., & Bruning, S. D.  (1998).  Relationship management in public relations:  Dimensions of an organization-public relationship.  Public Relations Review, 24 (1), 55-66. 

Leedy, P. D.  (1989).  Practical research planning and design (5th ed.).  New York:  Macmillan Publishing Company. 

Littlejohn, S. W.  (1996).  Communication in relationships.  Theories of human communication (5th ed., pp. 250-280).  Belmont, CA:  Wadsworth. 

Marconi, J.  (1992).  Crisis marketing:  When bad things happen to good companies.  Chicago:  Probus Publishing Company. 

Martinson, D.  (1996).  "Truthfulness" in communication is both a reasonable and achievable goal for public relations practitioners.  Public Relations Quarterly, 41 (4), 42-46. 

McCornack, S. A.  (1992).  Information manipulation theory. Communication Monographs, 59, 1-17. 

McCroskey, J. C.  (1966).  Scales for the measurement of ethos.  Speech Monographs, 33 (1), 65-72. 

McCroskey, J. C., & Young, T. J.  (1981).  Ethos and credibility:  The construct and its measurement after three decades.  Central States Speech Journal, 32, 24-34. 

Milloy, C.  (1995, November 15).  Teen stripped of more than just a shirt.  The Washington Post, p. D01. 

O’Hair, D., Friedrich, G. W., & Shaver, L. D.  (1995).  Strategic communication in business and the professions (2nd ed.).  Boston:  Houghton Mifflin Company. 

Powell, F. C., & Wanzenried, J. W.  (1995).  Do current measures of dimensions of source credibility produce stable outcomes in replicated tests?  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 675-687. 

Pressler, M. W.  (1995, December 1).  P.G. store incident spurs apology by Eddie Bauer.  The Washington Post, p. D01. 

Schultz, D. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Lauterborn, R. F.  (1997).  The new marketing paradigm:  Integrated marketing communications.  Lincolnwood, IL:  NTC Business Books.

Sommer, B., & Sommer R.  (1997).  A practical guide to behavioral research (4thed.).  New York:  Oxford University Press. 

Stamm, K., & Dube, R.  (1994).  The relationship of attitudinal components to trust in media.  Communication Research, 21, 105-123. 

Texaco chief apologizes.  (1996, November 6).  CNNfn [On-line].  Available:  cnnfn.com/hotstories/companies/9611/06/texaco/index.htm 

Thomsen, S. R.  (1997).  Public relations in the new millennium:  Understanding the forces that are reshaping the profession.  Public Relations Quarterly, 42 (1), 11-18. 

Tucker, R. K.  (1971).  On the McCroskey scales for the measurement of ethos.  Central States Speech Journal, 22 (2), 127-129. 

United States Marine Corps Division of Public Affairs.  (1995).  Media Skills Training Guide (Rev. 11-95 FAC).  Washington, DC:  Author. 

Wanzenried, J. W., & Powell, F. C.  (1993).  Source credibility and dimensional stability:  A test of the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale using perceptions of three presidential candidates.  Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 403-406. 

Woolf, H. B.  (Ed.).  (1977).  Webster’s new collegiate dictionary.  Springfield, MA:  G. & C. Merriam Company. 

Young, D.  (1996).  Building your company’s good name.  New York:  Amacom. 

     

Comments? Contact Bill Pierro 

Disclaimer 
Updated: July 22, 1998